CEF WW1 Soldier Goldwin McCausland Pirie

Remembering Goldwin McCausland Pirie

2009-02-07T17:30:00.005-07:00

The original grave markers placed during the war were temporary wooden crosses in a variety of designs. These were replaced during the 1920s by the official Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) standardized headstones. Some of these original markers were claimed by family members. Examples of these original markers are on display at several museums in Canada including the 48th Highlander Museum in Toronto, and the Hamilton Military Museum in Hamilton, Ontario.
Goldwin Pirie was buried in Netley Hospital's adjoining cemetery. Today Netley Military Cemetery is maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC). The area is now part of a public park as the historic hospital was demolished in the 1960s. The only feature preserved during the demolition was the central chapel which is now a museum dedicated to the history of Netley hospital.
Goldwin Pirie's grave is one of 42 Canadian first World War soldiers buried in Netley Cemetery. Each CWGC headstone has the standard design with Maple Leaf, name, unit, number and date of death. His family was given the option to pay for an additional line of scripture that could be carved at the bottom. This was purchased at that time.
In the 1920s, Goldwin's aunt, Mrs. Boyce Thompson (Ida McCausland) of Toronto, visited his grave in England and on behalf of his surviving brother and sisters, laid white flowers on the grave, and sent a long letter back to Elsie Pirie detailing the appearance of the grave, the carved scripture they had ordered and the surroundings. She penned the letter while writing it on the headstone so that they would have the letter as a memento. Mrs. Thompson must have thought it tragic that both her only son, Gordon Boyce Thompson (1884-1908) and her nephew, had died on the same day and month - July 1st. Her son had died at a very different time, while working on his M.A. in German philosophy in Berlin.

After his death, a memento of Goldie Pirie's stay at Netley hospital was returned to his family in Dundas. Charitable workers in the Netley area had set up an embroidery program to entertain the bedridden men, and Goldie's unfinished piece was returned to Canada. This piece is now lost.

By the mid 1920s the Canadian government forwarded a bronze commemorative medallion to the individual or family that was named as the next-of-kin on a soldier's original military attestation. The same design was sent to all Commonwealth soldiers who died as a result of their military service. It is also known informally as the "Dead Man's Penny". Goldie Pirie's medal card file indicates that the medallion was to be forwarded to his brother R. F. Pirie in Dundas, Ontario, and is stamped as received. Pirie was also eligible for two service medals which are also recorded as being delivered to Dundas. These are now missing. His family did not receive a Mother's Silver Cross as his mother was no longer alive.
Goldwin Pirie's name was also carved on the family monument in Grove Cemetery, Dundas, and is inscribed on the 1921 Dundas War Memorial. In addition, Pirie Street in Dundas was named in his honour in the 1980s when the new subdivision was designed. Goldie is also remembered in the 1920s Canadian Bank of Commerce "Letters from the Front" Roll of Honour books. His name appears on the war memorial at St. Paul's Anglican church in Toronto (likely arranged by his aunt) and he was also remembered in the Knox Presbyterian church in Dundas, Ontario.

Pirie is mentioned in an account of the Canadians at Ypres entitled Welcome to Flanders Fields (1988). This highly recommended historical account was written by historian Daniel Dancocks. Goldie Pirie is included in his description of the ill-fated charge at Mauser Ridge.

In 2007, another account was published recounting the story of the Canadians at Ypres: Baptism of Fire: The Second Battle of Ypres and the Forging Canada, April 1915. Historian Nathan Greenfield included a brief entry on Goldie Pirie's plight as a part of the 1st and 4th Battalion's charge.

In Port Hope, Ontario, Goldwin Pirie's rugby team photo of the winning school team of 1912 still hangs in a prominent place in Trinity College School, and this photo has lately been added to the archives accessible through their website. His name appears on the TCS roll of honour. An original photo of the Trinity College School World War One Cross of Sacrifice was found among the family papers. This cross honoured the fallen of this school. Finally, photographs and his story have been added to his record on the Canadian Virtual Memorial (Veterans Affairs of Canada) so that he will not be forgotten.

Finally, G. M. Pirie's nephew, Alan Goldwin Pirie, a son of his older brother Russell Fraser Pirie, was named in his honour.

Served in World War One

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Served in World War One

The following soldiers were relatives of Pte. G. M. Pirie who served in the first World War. Included are links to their records (click on names) and commemoration.

Cousins

Lt. Gordon Moore Pirie, 116th Battalion C.E.F. Served overseas, spent time at several hospitals in England, and returned to Canada. Convalesced at Brant Military Hospital, Burlington, Ontario. Died of sickness in 1920. Buried in Grove Cemetery, Dundas, Ontario. Named on the St. Paul's Presbyterian Church War Memorial, Hamilton, Ontario. His father, Robinson Pirie, was a survivor of the German attack on the Lusitania.

Sgt. Paul Somerville Clark, 5th Canadian Mounted Rifles. Killed in action June 2nd, 1916 at Sanctuary Wood. Missing in action, Paul Clark's name appears on the Menin Gate, Ypres, Belgium. Named on the Westmount Quebec War Memorial.

Lt.-Col. Alan Joseph McCausland, 74th Battalion, later served with the 75th Battalion at the front. After war, served with the 36th Peel Regiment. Active in post-war Veterans' organizations. Returned to managing R. McCausland Stained Glass in Toronto and took on a number of important war memorial commissions for windows. Served in World War Two in training at Brantford, Ontario. Additional information.

Sgt. Kenneth Leighton McCausland, 74th Battalion (Toronto). Enlisted underage, sent to England, and returned to Canada.

Bugler Harold Laurence McCausland, 1st Central Ontario Regt. 2nd Training Depot. Served in World Wars One and Two.

Pte. John Roy McKay, 736407, 113th Battalion C.E.F. Enlisted at Lethbridge, Alberta. Injured by mustard gas.

Lt. Arthur Reginald Burk. Enlisted in November 1916 with the 255th Battalion in Toronto. Previously served for 7 1/2 years as a Lieutenant with the Queen's Own Rifles, Toronto. A railway agent, he was named on the Canadian National Railways Roll of Honour (1920ca).

Brother-in-Laws

Major Edward W. Hachborn, 214th Royal Siege Battery, B.E.F. (Married Elsie Pirie)

Lt. Charles Edward Kilmer, DSO (award mentioned in the August 1916 19th Battalion CEF War Diary). Lieutenant for "B" Company, 19th Battalion C.E.F. (see Nov. 1914 War Diary). Wounded during a trench raid on July 29, 1916. Amputee - lost right leg. Enlisted November 1914 in Toronto. Previous experience with the Queen's Own Rifles. Profiled on the St. Andrew's College Roll of Honour where he was described as "...one of the earliest officers to lead daylight trench raids against the Germans in 1916". In 1921 his mother placed a memorial tablet at St. Andrew's and it was unveiled by Governor General Lord Bing of Vimy.

Kilmer is also listed in the "Who's Who in the British War Mission in the United States of America, 1918". Online version. Entry on page 61:

KILMER, Capt. Charles Edward, D.S.O.; born Toronto, Ont., Canada, Dec. 4, 1892; educated St. Andrews College, Toronto; B.Sc. University of Toronto, 1913. Lieut. 2d Regt. Queens Own Rifles, Canada, Nov., 1912; seconded 19th Battalion Canadian Inf., C.E.F., Nov., 1914; overseas service, May, 1915, to Dec., 1916; Captain 19th Battalion Canadian Inf., Dec., 1915; D.S.O. and despatches, Aug. 1916. Joined Mission June 26, 1917. --171, Crescent Road, Toronto, Ontario, and Vanderbilt Hotel, New York.

Kilmer's DSO Citation:

"For conspicuous gallantry during operations. He led with great skill, a successful daylight attack on the enemy's trenches. Though severely wounded, he was the last man to withdraw after all his party, including the wounded, had got clear." London Gazette September 22, 1916; Canada Gazette October 21, 1916, P 1314.

Captain Harold Stuart Parsons. 58th Battalion CEF. Enlisted in April 1915 in Toronto. Previously served 7 years with the Queen's Own Rifles. The 58th Battalion War Diary entry for October 4, 1916 indicates that Capt. Parsons was wounded. He is mentioned in the 2002 book "Second to None / The Fighting 58th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force" by Kevin R. Shackleton. Parsons transferred to the RAF and was Adjutant, No. 42 Wing at Deseronto ONT by 1918. He is listed on "Air Force Honours & Awards" for "Canadians serving with the British Flying Services during WWI". PARSONS, Captain Harold Stuart. * Commended for Valuable Services in Connection with the War* awarded as per London Gazette dated 22 January 1919; for services in Canada.

More about training at Deseronto may be found in the book "Story of Aviation in Canada 1917 - 1918".

Lt. William Edward Seymour Trent. Royal Canadian Dragoons. Officer's Declaration Paper signed in October 1918 in Toronto.

Uncle

Lt. Col. Harold McCausland, Military Cross, Chaplain 47th Battalion C.E.F., later served with the Siberian Expeditionary Force. Minister at the churches of St. Augustine and St. Thomas in Toronto. Attended Vimy Ridge Memorial unveiling in 1936. Died in Bay City, Michigan. McCausland was mentioned in the book: "Padres in No Man's Land: Canadian Chaplains and the Great War" by Duff Crerar, 1995. He and another chaplain stayed on to help clear the battlefields of war dead after the battle of Passchendaele. Online version available on Google Books.

Served in World War Two

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Served in World War Two

The following soldiers are members of Pte. G. M. Pirie's family who served in the Second World War. In addition, his brother, Russell Fraser Pirie, served in World War One and Two.

Pt. George Gregor McKay, H/87806. RCASC. Roland, Manitoba. Trained at Portage-la-Prairie and Red Deer. Went overseas in June 1942. Killed on April 2nd, 1944. Buried Moro River Canadian War Cemetery, Italy. Link to Canadian Virtual Memorial record and photograph.

Major Charles Gibson Pirie, Royal Hamilton Light Infantry, POW Dieppe, Camp Oflag VIIB. Memorabilia on display at the Hamilton Armouries museum.

Major Alexander Aimers Pirie, 18th Armoured Car Regt., 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade.

Captain Alexander Bertram Pirie, Lorne Scots.

Pte. Goldwin McCausland Pirie

2007-07-28T20:44:00.024-06:00

Pte. Goldwin McCausland Pirie
1894-1915
No. 7076, 1st Battalion Western Ontario Regiment. Died on July 1st, 1915
at Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley, Southampton, England,
of wounds received during the 2nd Battle of Ypres.

Family Background

Goldwin McCausland Pirie was born in Dundas, Ontario, Canada. His parents were Alexander Fraser Pirie, newspaper editor, and Hester Emma McCausland. A. F. Pirie had previously been the editor of the Toronto Evening Telegram through the 1880s. After he married in 1889, he spent a year in Montreal as editor of the Montreal Star, and decided to relocate to Dundas to raise a family. Mr. Pirie acquired the Dundas Banner, and took on the role of editor and publisher.

Goldwin (known to his family as Goldie), was the youngest son in a family of two sons and two daughters: Russell Fraser Pirie (1890-1956), Elsie Gowan Pirie (1892-1933), Goldwin McCausland Pirie (1894-1915), and Jean Booth Pirie (1895-1958). Goldwin was born on April 12th, 1894, at the family home in Dundas. He was named after his father’s mentor at the Toronto Evening Telegram, Goldwin Smith (1823-1910).

Tragedy struck the family twice when in 1901 Mrs. Pirie died unexpectedly of pneumonia, and Mr. Pirie died just two years later in 1903. Four children were left without parents. Goldie Pirie was only 9 years old. After the death of Hester McCausland, their paternal aunt, Mrs. Ada Murdoch (1860-1948)(formerly Pirie), stepped forward to act as the children's guardian. Although she had married, she was no longer living with her husband, and they had not had children. She moved into the Pirie family home with the children, and took on responsibilities as their guardian. Images of Dundas, Ontario, circa 1900-1915

Life Before the War

Goldie Pirie attended Dundas primary and high schools. In April 1911 he was sent to Port Hope's Trinity College School (TCS), a boarding school for young men. He did well in sports and was a member of the school rugby team and played on the team during a major victory. He was photographed as a member of the victorious TCS 1911 Rugby team, and this team photo is still on display at TSC. These comments appeared in the school yearbooks regarding G. Pirie's work on the rugby team: “Centre half, first year man, but thoroughly acquainted with the game. Best kick in years, fair catch, good dodging runner, and combination play. Inclined to be slightly erratic at commencement of games, but settles down and finishes strong.” (1911) “Centre half, Weight 165 pounds, height 5’ 10”, a fine kick, sure catch, and dodging runner who uses his head.” (1912).

TCS's online archives include this 1911 team photo. Additionally, Goldie Pirie was mentioned in TCS's history The School on the Hill / Trinity College School 1865-1965 (1965) in a section on the war years:

Sad days lay ahead as the casualty lists lengthened to include boys, some of whom were only 14 at the beginning of the war. A few of them were recalled by Dr. Ketchum on Armistice Day, 1942. Their numbers, he told the boys, included great halfbacks like Goldwin Pirie; skillful bowlers like Tom Saunders in whose memory the Communion vessels and candlesticks were given; clever hockey players like Alec Sutherland; and steady, dependable young men like Herby Moore...all lads full of fun and good humour, able young men with fine prospects in civil life. By war's end, the enlistments had risen to 596, including nine former masters. The dead numbered 123. (The School on the Hill, pp. 74-75)

After his graduation from TCS in 1913, Pirie joined the Canadian Bank of Commerce and was began working as a bank clerk at the Yonge and Eglinton branch in Toronto.

Enlisting with the 1st Contingent Canadian Expeditionary Force (C.E.F.)

G. M. Pirie enlisted in August 1914 and began his military service with the 77th Wentworth Regiment which included men from Dundas. The 77th Wentworth contingent left Dundas for Valcartier Camp by train in August 1914 after a parade and send off. The Dundas Star reported that on that day a final photo of the Dundas volunteers was taken while posed in front of the Grafton's store in downtown Dundas, shortly before the men marched off to the train station. This final photo cannot be located at present.

Valcartier Military Training Camp, Quebec, Canada

Goldwin Pirie sent several letters home to Dundas from Valcartier training camp in Quebec. These letters were published in the Dundas Star, and provided details of the exploits of the local men, and a humourous look at life at a military training camp. During September 1914 an informal group photo was taken of Goldie with three friends who were from Dundas. This is the only photo that remains of Pte. Pirie at Valcartier. His final letter that was published in the Dundas newspaper was a goodbye to the people of the town of Dundas on behalf of himself and the Dundas men. The 77th Wentworth men, now known as the 1st Battalion Western Ontario Regiment, were now about to leave the camp to move on to Quebec where they would board transports to sail to England for further training. Pte. Pirie's military file includes an index card that was titled "Quebec Pier" and "S.S. Laurentic", and dated October 4, 1915.

Salisbury Plain, Military Training Camp, England

The 1st Battalion sailed left Canada on the ocean liner Laurentic I as a part of the historic troop convoy carrying Canada's First Contingent to England. The Laurentic landed at Plymouth Sound, and after a warm welcome, the men continued on to Salisbury Plain for further military training. The men of the 1st Battalion were stationed at Bustard Camp, one of several camps located across Salisbury Plain. The terrible conditions at Salisbury Plain due to constant rain are well documented.

Pte. Pirie likely continued to write home from Salisbury Plain, but these letters are all lost. All that remains today is a December 1914 Christmas card which included a group picture of the men of the 1st Battalion at Salisbury Plain. This photo is the only known photo of Pte. Pirie in uniform.

1st Battalion C.E.F. moves on to the Front Lines

In early 1915 the 1st Battalion crossed the English channel, landing in France, and then moving on to the front lines in Belgium. Once the men began their training in the trenches, Pte. Pirie, because of his athletic experience, was selected for additional training for bomb throwing.

2nd Battle of Ypres

The Canadians heroically resisted the deadly German chlorine gas attacks, now referred to as the start of the 2nd Battle of Ypres in April 1915. A number of Canadian counterattacks were immediately launched in response to this German attempt to gain ground during the confusion of an unexpected gas attack.

Goldie Pirie participated in the counterattack which began early in the morning on April 23rd and involved a joint assault towards Mauser Ridge by the 1st and 4th Battalions C.E.F., accompanied by other Allied units. Goldwin Pirie was wounded during this counterattack which began at dawn. Although there are no specific records available today pinpointing what time he was wounded, it seems most likely that he was wounded during the initial assault when he was acting as a bomb thrower. By the time he was first spotted by other soldiers who recognized him, he appeared to be unconscious. An account that appeared in the Dundas Star indicated that Pte. Pirie was left for dead on the field for four days after he was wounded - or from the morning of April 23 to 26.

The situation on the battlefield was critical as so many of the men of the 1st and 4th Battalions had fallen wounded or dead in this counter-attack towards Mauser Ridge. The attack went on all day. This meant that it was difficult for stretcher bearers and others to reach the wounded without being injured themselves, not to mention the fact that the vast numbers of wounded simply overwhelmed all available resources. The fact that Pte. Pirie was eventually rescued and carried off the battlefield was a result of the heroism and determination of his fellow Canadians. The bravery of Canadian stretcher bearers and medical officers of the Canadian Army Medical Corps (C.A.M.C.) led to many rescues under difficult and dangerous circumstances.

Accounts that appeared in the local Dundas and Hamilton newspapers included information transcribed from letters sent home by men who had played a part in this counterattack. These accounts led to an early rumour that Pte. Pirie had been killed in action. The Dundas Star newspaper reprinted the letter home from a survivor of the assault. Pte. Burgess recalled: " I saw poor Pte. Pirie hit by a shell and killed". The newspaper published accounts by Burgess and other correspondents. These letters described a relentless and terrifying advance in the early morning hours of April 23rd as the men marched forward in the face of enemy fire. Roll call the following day saw only 350 of 1,000 men in the 1st and 4th battalions. Dundas stretcher bearer Burns Rayner, 4th Battalion, wrote that during that charge they lost 4 of 16 stretcher bearers, and were lacking stretchers and had to resort to carrying the wounded men on their backs.Rayner also reported that he had passed Pte. Pirie on the battlefield as he had thought he was dead. Days later, the Star published the letter of Woodville Cowper, 1st Battalion, No. 7024, who had discovered that Pte. Pirie was in fact alive. His May 9th letter to his relatives in Dundas was published in the Star, in part: "It was reported G. Pirie was killed or missing, but George Inksater of Paris, sent me word yesterday that he bound him up in a hospital. Gaines was with Pirie, and left him for dead. Rayner would swear he saw him dead, but we are all rejoicing to hear that he is still alive. There are a lot of mistakes made, as I helped to bury fellows whom it was impossible to identify." Other wounded Wentworth Battalion soldiers were sent by ambulance to the nearby town of Poperinghe for first aid, and then by train to Boulogne. There was an aid station at Vlamertinghe - this station received the gas casualties as well. I am not certain at this time at which battlefront aid station he received his first treatment, as there were several in the vicinity, including that of Dr. John McCrae, the poet.

Brief Stay at a Hospital in Boulogne, France

After Pte. Pirie was first picked up off the battlefield for medical care, he was likely taken to a casualty clearing station behind the front lines. At this point a decision was made to send him on for further care to a hospital in Boulogne, France. We hear directly from him for the first time from Boulogne, where he managed to send a message to his Aunt Ada in Dundas. He told her that he was on the "speedy road to recovery" and that he would soon be sent on to Shorncliffe Camp in England for rehabilitation before returning to the front. He seemed to minimize the extent of his injuries. It is possible that he thought that he might recover soon, however, he may have been trying to spare his family from worry. The Hamilton Spectator published extracts frin this note as part of an update on his condition. However, at Boulogne the serious nature of his wounds led to his transport via hospital ship back to England for further care at Netley (Royal Victoria) Hospital.

Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley, Southampton, England

Information regarding his arrival in England are found in his military records where it was noted that he was received at Southampton from the HS Oxfordshire on May 12th, 1915. He was admitted into Netley hospital on the same day.

Netley Hospital provided care and treatment to many of the Canadians who were wounded throughout the First World War. A 1916 article recalled the reception of the Canadian wounded after the 2nd battle of Ypres: "...the whole staff - doctors, nurses and orderlies - pressed upon them, cheering and weeping, shaking them by the hand, even the stretcher cases, in a wild hysteria of gratitude for the men who had saved Ypres and the gate to England."

After the events of this battle, the British papers praised the heroism of the Canadians at Ypres in facing the poisonous gas, and bravely counter-attacking to protect the front line and prevent the German advance. This praise was a sharp contrast to the early reports on the First Canadian Contingent while they trained at Salisbury Plain in late 1914 and early 1915, prior to moving to the front lines in Belgium and France. Then, the new Canadian troops were described as poorly disciplined and trained and unlikely to hold up well in combat. Early in the war the bed space at Netley hospital was enlarged by a temporary Red Cross Hospital built of aluminum huts. This expansion was located on the hospital grounds and helped to accommodate the increasing floods of wounded soldiers.

Pte. Pirie survived for two months at Netley. He died there on July 1st, 1915 as a result of infected wounds that led to recurring internal hemorrhaging. His military file which is now held at the National Archives of Canada contains all the medical charts and reports completed at Netley and include his daily temperature chart, with notes of morphine given, and details of several surgeries conducted to stop this internal bleeding. The charts indicate that his temperature was continually elevated. No effective treatment was available in mid 1915 for advanced wound infections. Antibiotics had not yet been discovered. The Carrell Dakin treatment of hypochlorous acid was in general use by late 1915 and eased many wound infections, but it needed to be applied very early in the treatment to be effective. Pte. Pirie's medical charts are complete for the two months that he stayed at Netley up until his death from a final hemorrhage. They include staff and doctor signatures and a full description of the patient's condition upon arrival, subsequent treatment, and time and cause of death.

Hospital Visitors

During his hospital stay he received a number of visitors from friends and extended family. His sisters Jean and Elsie made plans to travel from Dundas and visit him in hospital, but this trans-Atlantic journey was cancelled when they were advised of his death.

Goldwin Pirie was visited at Netley by Frank Lennard (of Lennard's Knitting Mills in Dundas). Another visitor was Mr. Jack Wort, of Salisbury Plain. Mr. Wort later wrote to Mr. Bertram in Dundas, indicating that his wife had received a phone call from Goldie while he was at Netley, and Mr. Wort "got together a car" of visitors and visited Goldie in the hospital. He wrote that Goldie was "delighted" by the visitors, but in great pain. Mr. Wort wrote that he felt that it might have been easier if he had been killed immediately. He said he understood that Goldie had come to the point that he "no longer cared whether he lived or died", and said that he missed his friends and countrymen. Goldie told Mr. Wort to let Mr. Bertram in Dundas know that they needed more ammunition. The Bertram Company manufactured munitions during the war. Original letter.

Death of a Soldier

Goldie Pirie died at 10 pm after a final operation on July 1st, 1915. Dr. George R. Pirie, a cousin who was working at the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London, coordinated Goldie's funeral arrangements for the funeral to be held the Monday following his death. He attempted to contact Goldie's fellow soldiers and friends Leonard Bertram and Arthur Turner, as both were convalescing in British hospitals following wounds received at the 2nd battle of Ypres, and invite them to attend Goldwin Pirie's funeral. Unfortunately his telegram was not received and they were greatly disappointed at missing their friend's funeral. The funeral at Netley was attended by Dr. Pirie and the Mr. Wort. There may have been other mourners in attendance.

Link to: Remembering Goldwin McCausland Pirie

G. M. Pirie's older brother was Russell Fraser Pirie. Gnr. R. Fraser Pirie entered the war in December 1915, joining up in Toronto with the 41st Battery Canadian Field Artillery. R. F. Pirie was a graduate of Queen's University, and later Osgoode Hall law school. He returned to Toronto in early 1919 after his war service. R. F. Pirie served in the Veteran's Guard of Canada in the Second World War as an officer in a POW camp based in Petawawa, Ontario. He was the grandfather of the author of this article.

In addition, a number of Goldwin Pirie's relatives served in the First and Second World Wars. Further details may be viewed through the links below, and on this Military Family Tree:

Bios and photos of family members Served in World War One

Bios and photos of family members Served in World War Two

Suggested Reading / Online documents

Mobilization of the First Canadian Division1st Canadian Contingent - Canadian News Souvenir Edition / In Honour of The Canadian Contingent / 1914. Information about Valcartier and Salisbury Plain including photographs.
Nasmith, Col. George G., On the Fringe of the Great Fight. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild & Stewart, 1917.
Baptism of Fire: The Second Battle of Ypres and the Forging of Canada, April 1915. Nathan M. Greenfield. Harper Collins, 440 pages, maps, b/w photos, index. ISBN: 978-0-00200727-6.

Author: M. I. Pirie, Canada, 2007. In memory of Goldwin McCausland Pirie.